Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
SDN Foundation, Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development, Naples, Italy
Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Council of Research, Naples, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
References: Hendel, R.C., Berman, D.S., Di Carli, M.F., ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine, , Circulation 2009, 1-114. This article outlines the most recent recommendations for the appropriate use criteria of cardiac radionuclide imagin
Zaret, B.L., Strauss, H.W., Martin, N.D., Noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion with radioactive potassium: study of patients at rest, exercise, and during anginal pectoris (1973) N Engl J Med, 288, pp. 809-812
Berman, D.S., Salel, A.F., DeNardo, G.L., Mason, D.T., Noninvasive detection of regional myocardial ischemia using rubidium-81 and the scintillation camera: comparison with stress electrocardiography in patients with arteriographically documented coronary stenosis (1975) Circulation, 52, pp. 619-626
Kaul, S., Boucher, C.A., Newell, J.B., Determination of the quantitative thallium imaging variables that optimize detection of coronary artery disease (1986) J Am Coll Cardiol, 7, pp. 527-537
Maddahi, J., Kiat, H., Berman, D.S., Myocardial perfusion imaging with technetium-99 m-labeled agents (1991) Am J Cardiol, 67, pp. 27D-34D
Cuocolo, A., Petretta, M., Acampa, W., de Falco, T., Gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: the further improvements of an excellent tool (2010) Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 54, pp. 129-144. , This article outlined the recent methodological improvements of gated SPECT imaging and provided a description of the clinical role of this technique
Aarnoudse, W.H., Botman, K.J., Pijls, N.H., False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease, revealed by coronary pressure measurement (2003) Int J Cardiovasc Intervent, 5, pp. 67-71
Gould, K.L., Schelbert, H., Phelps, M., Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. V. Detection of 47 percent diameter coronary stenosis with intravenous nitrogen-13 ammonia and emission-computed tomography in intact dogs (1979) Am J Cardiol, 43, pp. 200-208
Cuocolo, A., Breatnach, E., Multimodality imaging in Europe: a survey by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the European Society of Radiology (ESR) (2010) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 37, pp. 163-167
Arbab, A.S., Koizumi, K., Toyama, K., Arai, T., Araki, T., Technetium-99 m-tetrofosmin, technetium-99 m-MIBI and thallium-201 uptake in rat myocardial cells (1998) J Nucl Med, 39, pp. 266-271
Wackers, F., Berman, D.S., Maddahi, J., Technetium-99 m Hexakis 2-Methoxyisobutyl Isonitrile: human biodistribution, dosimetry, safety, and preliminary comparison to thallium-201 for mocardial perfusion imaging (1989) J Nucl Med, 30, pp. 301-311
Zaret, B.L., Rigo, P., Wackers, F.J., Myocardial perfusion imaging with 99mTc tetrofosmin. Comparison to 201Tl imaging and coronary angiography in a phase III multicenter trial. Tetrofosmin International Trial Study Group (1995) Circulation, 91, pp. 313-319
Matsunari, I., Fujino, S., Taki, J., Comparison of defect size between thallium-201 and technetium-99 m tetrofosmin myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with single-vassel coronary artery disease (1996) Am J Cardiol, 77, pp. 350-354
Kapur, A., Latus, K.A., Davies, G., A comparison of three radionuclide myocardial perfusion tracers in clinical practice: the ROBUST study (2002) Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 29, pp. 1608-1616
Naruse, H., Daher, E., Sinusas, A., Quantitative comparison of planar and SPECT normal data files of thallium-201, technetium-99 m-sestamibi, technetium-99 m-tetrofosmin and technetium-99 m-furifosmin (1996) J Nucl Med, 37, pp. 1783-1788
Cuocolo, A., Acampa, W., Imbriaco, M., The many ways to myocardial perfusion imaging (2005) Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 49, pp. 4-18
Tamaki, N., Senda, M., Yonekura, Y., Dynamic positron computed tomography of the heart with a high sensitivity positron camera and nitrogen-13 ammonia (1985) J Nucl Med, 26, pp. 567-575
Selwyn, A.P., Allan, R.M., L'Abbate, A., Relation between regional myocardial uptake of rubidium-82 and perfusion: absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia (1982) Am J Cardiol, 50, pp. 112-121
Bergmann, S.R., Fox, K.A., Rand, A.L., Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow in vivo with 0-15 water (1984) Circulation, 70, pp. 724-733
Stewart, R.E., Schwaiger, M., Molina, E., Comparison of Rb-82 PET and Tl-201 SPECT imaging for detection of CAD (1991) Am J Cardiol, 67, pp. 1303-1310
Tamaki, N., Yonekura, Y., Senda, M., Value and limitation of stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography: comparison with nitrogen-13 ammonia positron tomography (1988) J Nucl Med, 29, pp. 1181-1188
Tallaj, J.A., Kovar, D., Iskandrian, A.E., The use of technetium-99 m sestamibi in a patient with liver cirrhosis (2000) J Nucl Cardiol, 6, pp. 722-723
Beller, G.A., Bergmann, S.R., Myocardial perfusion imaging agents: SPECT and PET (2004) J Nucl Cardiol, 11, pp. 71-86
Dahlberg, S.T., Assessment of myocardial perfusion with Tc-99 m: image is everything (2009) J Nucl Cardiol, 16, pp. 493-496
Zaret, L., Pursuit of the ideal perfusion agent (2002) J Nucl Cardiol, 9, pp. 149-150
Marshall, R.C., Powers-Risius, P., Reutter, B.W., Kinetic analysis of 125I-iodorotenone as a deposited myocardial flow tracer: comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi (2001) J Nucl Med, 42, pp. 272-281
VanBrocklin, H.F., Hanrahan, S.M., Enas, J.D., Mitochondrial avid radioprobes. Preparation and evaluation of 70(Z)-[125I]iodorotenone and 70(Z)-[125I]iodorotenol (2007) Nucl Med Biol, 34, pp. 109-116
Pasqualini, R., Duatti, A., Bellande, E., Bis(dithiocarbamato) nitrido technetium-99 m radiopharmaceuticals: a class of neutral myocardial imaging agents (1994) J Nucl Med, 35, pp. 334-341
Boschi, A., Bolzati, C., Uccelli, L., A class of asymmetrical nitrido 99mTc heterocomplexes as heart imaging agents with improved biological properties (2002) Nucl Med Commun, 23, pp. 689-693
Kim, Y.S., He, Z., Hsieh, W.Y., Impact of bidentate chelators on lipophilicity, stability, and biodistribution characteristics of cationic 99mTc-nitrido complexes (2007) Bioconjug Chem, 18, pp. 929-936
Hatada, K., Riou, L.M., Ruiz, M., 99mTc-N-DBODC5, a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent with rapid liver clearance: comparison with 99mTcsestamibi and 99mTc-tetrofosmin in rats (2004) J Nucl Med, 45, pp. 2095-2101
Hatada, K., Ruiz, M., Riou, L.M., Biodistribution and myocardial uptake, washout, and redistribution kinetics of Tc-99 m N-DBODC5 when injected during vasodilator stress in canine models of coronary stenoses (2006) J Nucl Cardiol, 13, pp. 779-790
Boschi, A., Uccelli, L., Bolzati, C., Synthesis and biological evaluation of monocationic asymmetric 99mTc-nitride heterocomplexes showing high heart uptake and improved imaging properties (2003) J Nucl Med, 44, pp. 806-814
Cittanti, C., Uccelli, L., Pasquali, M., Whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the new cardiac tracer 99mTc-N-DBODC (2008) J Nucl Med, 49, pp. 1299-1304. , This is the first study evaluating the safety profile and biodistribution behavior in human volunteers of the new myocardial perfusion tracer99mTc-N-DBODC
Kim, Y.S., Shi, J., Zhai, S., Hou, G., Liu, S., Mechanism for myocardial localization and rapid liver clearance of Tc-99 m-N-MPO: A new perfusion radiotracer for heart imaging (2009) J Nucl Cardiol, 16, pp. 571-579
Kim, Y.S., Wang, J., Broisat, A., Glover, D.K., Liu, S., Tc-99 m-N-MPO: Novel cationic Tc-99 m radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (2008) J Nucl Cardiol, 15, pp. 535-546
Bu, L., Li, R., Jin, Z., Evaluation of 99mTcN-MPO as a new myocardial perfusion imaging agent in normal dogs and in an acute myocardial infarction canine model: comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi (2011) Mol Imaging Biol, 13, pp. 121-127. , This study compared the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of (99) (m)TcN-MPO and (99) (m)Tc-Sestamibi in normal dogs, and evaluated the potential of (99) (m)TcN-MPO as a myocardial perfusion agent in canines with acute myocardial infarction
Liu, Z., Chen, L., Liu, S., Kinetic characterization of a novel cationic 99mTc(I)-tricarbonyl complex, 99mTc-15 C5-PNP, for myocardial perfusion imaging (2010) J Nucl Cardiol, 17, pp. 858-867. , This study demonstrated that the cationic (99m)Tc(I)-tricarbonyl complex, (99m)Tc-15C5-PNP, has potential for rapid myocardial perfusion imaging with low liver uptake
Bolzati, C., Cavazza-Ceccato, M., Agostini, S., Biological in vitro and in vivo studies of a series of new asymmetrical cationic [99mTc(N)(DTC-Ln)(PNP)]+ complex (DTC-Ln = Alicyclic Dithiocarbamate and PNP = Diphosphinoamine) (2010) Bioconjug Chem, 21, pp. 928-939. , This study showed that the incorporation of alicyclic dithiocarbamate in the [(99m)Tc(N)(PNP)](+) building block yields to a significant increase of the heart uptake at early injection point suggesting that the first-pass extraction fraction of these novel complexes may be increased with respect to the other cationic (99m)Tc-agents keeping almost unaltered the favorable target/nontarget ratios
El Fakhri, G., Kardan, A., Sitek, A., Reproducibility and accuracy of quantitative myocardial blood flow assessment with (82)Rb PET: comparison with (13)N-ammonia PET (2009) J Nucl Med, 50, pp. 1062-1071. , The study demonstrated that MBF quantitation by82Rb PET has excellent reproducibility and interobserver reliability, providing comparable results with that achieved with13N-ammonia
Shoup, T.M., Elmaleh, D.R., Brownell, A.L., Evaluation of (4-[(18)F]Fluorophenyl)triphenylphosphonium ion. A potential myocardial blood flow agent for PET (2010) Mol Imaging Biol, , Epub ahead of print
Gottumukkala, V., Heinrich, T.K., Baker, A., Biodistribution and stability studies of [18 F]fluoroethylrhodamine B, a potential PET myocardial perfusion agent (2010) Nucl Med Biol, 37, pp. 365-370
Madar, I., Ravert, H., Dipaula, A., Assessment of severity of coronary artery stenosis in a canine model using the PET agent 18 F-fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium: Comparison with 99mTc-tetrofosmin (2007) J Nucl Med, 48, pp. 1021-1030
Yalamanchili, P., Wexler, E., Hayes, M., Mechanism of uptake and retention of F-18 BMS-747158-02 in cardiomyocytes: A novel PET myocardial imaging agent (2007) J Nucl Cardiol, 14, pp. 782-788
Yu, M., Guaraldi, M.T., Mistry, M., BMS-747158-02: A novel PET myocardial perfusion imaging agent (2007) J Nucl Cardiol, 14, pp. 789-798
Huisman, M.C., Higuchi, T., Reder, S., Initial characterization of an 18 F-labeled myocardial perfusion tracer (2008) J Nucl Med, 49, pp. 630-636
Higuchi, T., Nekolla, S.G., Huisman, M.M., A new 18 F-labeled myocardial PET tracer: Myocardial uptake after permanent and transient coronary occlusion in rats (2008) J Nucl Med, 49, pp. 1715-1722. , This study investigated the potential of a new (18)F-labeled pyridazinone analog ((18)F-BMS-747158-02) and showed that this tracer may allow for assessment of flow using exercise-rest protocols similar to those used in combination with exercise and rest perfusion SPECT
Nekolla, S.G., Reder, S., Saraste, A., Evaluation of the novel myocardial perfusion positron-emission tomography tracer 18 F-BMS-747158-02: comparison to 13 N-ammonia and validation with microspheres in a pig model (2009) Circulation, 119, pp. 2333-2342. , This study demonstrated that18F-BMS-747158-02 allows quantitative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion over a wide flow range, suggesting that this tracer might be useful for clinical PET applications in patients with suspected or proven CAD
Hendel, R. C., Berman, D. S., Di Carli, M. F., ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine, , Circulation 2009, 1-114. This article outlines the most recent recommendations for the appropriate use criteria of cardiac radionuclide imagin
Zaret, B. L., Strauss, H. W., Martin, N. D., Noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion with radioactive potassium: study of patients at rest, exercise, and during anginal pectoris (1973) N Engl J Med, 288, pp. 809-812
Berman, D. S., Salel, A. F., DeNardo, G. L., Mason, D. T., Noninvasive detection of regional myocardial ischemia using rubidium-81 and the scintillation camera: comparison with stress electrocardiography in patients with arteriographically documented coronary stenosis (1975) Circulation, 52, pp. 619-626
Aarnoudse, W. H., Botman, K. J., Pijls, N. H., False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease, revealed by coronary pressure measurement (2003) Int J Cardiovasc Intervent, 5, pp. 67-71
Gould, K. L., Schelbert, H., Phelps, M., Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. V. Detection of 47 percent diameter coronary stenosis with intravenous nitrogen-13 ammonia and emission-computed tomography in intact dogs (1979) Am J Cardiol, 43, pp. 200-208
Arbab, A. S., Koizumi, K., Toyama, K., Arai, T., Araki, T., Technetium-99 m-tetrofosmin, technetium-99 m-MIBI and thallium-201 uptake in rat myocardial cells (1998) J Nucl Med, 39, pp. 266-271
Zaret, B. L., Rigo, P., Wackers, F. J., Myocardial perfusion imaging with 99mTc tetrofosmin. Comparison to 201Tl imaging and coronary angiography in a phase III multicenter trial. Tetrofosmin International Trial Study Group (1995) Circulation, 91, pp. 313-319
Selwyn, A. P., Allan, R. M., L'Abbate, A., Relation between regional myocardial uptake of rubidium-82 and perfusion: absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia (1982) Am J Cardiol, 50, pp. 112-121
Bergmann, S. R., Fox, K. A., Rand, A. L., Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow in vivo with 0-15 water (1984) Circulation, 70, pp. 724-733
Stewart, R. E., Schwaiger, M., Molina, E., Comparison of Rb-82 PET and Tl-201 SPECT imaging for detection of CAD (1991) Am J Cardiol, 67, pp. 1303-1310
Tallaj, J. A., Kovar, D., Iskandrian, A. E., The use of technetium-99 m sestamibi in a patient with liver cirrhosis (2000) J Nucl Cardiol, 6, pp. 722-723
Beller, G. A., Bergmann, S. R., Myocardial perfusion imaging agents: SPECT and PET (2004) J Nucl Cardiol, 11, pp. 71-86
Dahlberg, S. T., Assessment of myocardial perfusion with Tc-99 m: image is everything (2009) J Nucl Cardiol, 16, pp. 493-496
Marshall, R. C., Powers-Risius, P., Reutter, B. W., Kinetic analysis of 125I-iodorotenone as a deposited myocardial flow tracer: comparison with 99mTc-sestamibi (2001) J Nucl Med, 42, pp. 272-281
VanBrocklin, H. F., Hanrahan, S. M., Enas, J. D., Mitochondrial avid radioprobes. Preparation and evaluation of 70 (Z) - [125I] iodorotenone and 70 (Z) - [125I] iodorotenol (2007) Nucl Med Biol, 34, pp. 109-116
Kim, Y. S., He, Z., Hsieh, W. Y., Impact of bidentate chelators on lipophilicity, stability, and biodistribution characteristics of cationic 99mTc-nitrido complexes (2007) Bioconjug Chem, 18, pp. 929-936
Kim, Y. S., Shi, J., Zhai, S., Hou, G., Liu, S., Mechanism for myocardial localization and rapid liver clearance of Tc-99 m-N-MPO: A new perfusion radiotracer for heart imaging (2009) J Nucl Cardiol, 16, pp. 571-579
Kim, Y. S., Wang, J., Broisat, A., Glover, D. K., Liu, S., Tc-99 m-N-MPO: Novel cationic Tc-99 m radiotracer for myocardial perfusion imaging (2008) J Nucl Cardiol, 15, pp. 535-546
Shoup, T. M., Elmaleh, D. R., Brownell, A. L., Evaluation of (4- [(18) F] Fluorophenyl) triphenylphosphonium ion. A potential myocardial blood flow agent for PET (2010) Mol Imaging Biol, , Epub ahead of print
Huisman, M. C., Higuchi, T., Reder, S., Initial characterization of an 18 F-labeled myocardial perfusion tracer (2008) J Nucl Med, 49, pp. 630-636
Nekolla, S. G., Reder, S., Saraste, A., Evaluation of the novel myocardial perfusion positron-emission tomography tracer 18 F-BMS-747158-02: comparison to 13 N-ammonia and validation with microspheres in a pig model (2009) Circulation, 119, pp. 2333-2342. , This study demonstrated that18F-BMS-747158-02 allows quantitative assessment of regional myocardial perfusion over a wide flow range, suggesting that this tracer might be useful for clinical PET applications in patients with suspected or proven CAD